Understanding how your data structures interact with hardware is one of the most powerful ways to improve application performance. This blogpost explores how CPU caches influence speed and how thoughtful struct design in Go can yield massive gains. …
GoBlog Posts
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Posts tagged with "Go"
Kubernetes CPU limits can look straightforward on the surface, but their impact on application performance is anything but simple. This article unpacks how Go services interact with Kubernetes CPU throttling and why a seemingly harmless configuration …
Go’s garbage collector is designed not only to manage memory safely but also to pace itself intelligently, striking a balance between low latency and high throughput. This blogpost explores how the GC adapts its pace to workload demands, demonstrated …
Aug 21, 2025
This workshop teaches you how to write better, more idiomatic, and performant code in Go with a focus on micro-level engineering decisions.
Jul 28, 2025
Ardan Labs partnered with Deliveroo invites you to take the conversation further at our Go, AI, Community event designed to bring developers together for an evening of insight, inspiration, and connection.
Originally published in 2019, this article is part two of a three-part series exploring Go’s garbage collector. Though the Go runtime has continued to evolve, the performance principles covered here remain highly relevant today. This installment …
Jul 10, 2025
Taught by Florin Pățan. This workshop teaches you how to ingest and retrieve documents, integrate with APIs, and use function calling to control external systems—all within Go and the AI system of your choosing.
Jul 10, 2025
Taught by Miki Tebeka. This workshop teaches you how to write better, more idiomatic, and performant code in Go with a focus on micro-level engineering decisions.
Jul 10, 2025
Taught by Bill Kennedy. This workshop teaches you how to engineer production-level software in Go leveraging the power of a domain-driven, data-oriented architecture that can run in Kubernetes.
This article was originally published in 2018, yet its core insights into Go’s garbage collection model remain highly relevant for developers today. While some implementation details of Go’s runtime have evolved, the foundational concepts explored …
May 30, 2025
go kubernetes ai-infrastructure hipaa-compliance soc-2 cloud-native devops secure-deployment airgapped kubernetes ardan-labs-case-study
Executive Summary An AI startup in a highly regulated industry needed to scale fast—without compromising compliance or performance. With growing demands across cloud and airgapped environments, their infrastructure was struggling to keep up.
Ardan …
Although originally written in 2018, the following concepts remain essential for developers working with concurrency. This blogpost focuses on concurrency, distinguishing it from parallelism by defining it as “out of order” execution. It …
Apr 21, 2025
Taught by Miki Tebeka. This workshop helps experienced engineers get effective with the Go programming language and learn by writing code to solve common programming tasks.
Apr 21, 2025
Taught by Bill Kennedy. This workshop teaches you how to build production-level software in Go leveraging the power of a domain-driven, data-oriented architecture that can run in Kubernetes.
Apr 21, 2025
Taught by Bill Kennedy. This workshop teaches you how to build production-level software in Go leveraging the power of a domain-driven, data-oriented architecture that can run in Kubernetes.
Apr 21, 2025
Taught by Florin Patan. Building modern applications requires systems that can retrieve, process, and act on information intelligently. This workshop introduces Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to improve responses in Go applications by fetching relevant data dynamically.
This blogpost is the second installment in a three-part series exploring the mechanics and semantics of the Go scheduler. Despite being published in 2018, the content remains relevant today, as the Go scheduler’s design continues to influence …
Although this blogpost was originally published in 2018, the concepts and principles discussed remain crucial for building efficient and performant multithreaded applications in Go now in 2025 (Go 1.24.0). As the Go ecosystem continues to evolve, …
Although first introduced in 2014, the Context package remains a crucial component of Go programming, enabling efficient management of request-scoped data, deadlines, and cancellation signals. As the Go ecosystem continues to evolve, understanding …
Introduction: Welcome to the final episode of the JSON for Engineers series! In this concluding session, we tackle the challenges of working with large JSON datasets, exploring efficient strategies for streaming data while minimizing memory usage. …
Introduction: Welcome to Episode 4 of the JSON for Engineers series! In this episode, we tackle the complexities of working with JSON data, especially when dealing with extensive datasets and optimizing type management. Here, Miki introduces key …
Introduction: Welcome to Episode 3 of JSON for Engineers! In this episode, Miki Tebeka explores the intricacies of JSON field mapping and value handling, especially when working in strongly typed languages like Go. This session covers the practical …
Introduction: Welcome to Episode 2 of JSON for Engineers! In this episode, we explore the unique characteristics of JSON as a schema-less format, discussing both its benefits and challenges. You’ll learn how JSON’s flexibility, while …
Introduction: Welcome to Episode 1 of JSON for Engineers! In this first episode, Miki Tebeka dives into the fundamentals of serialization, with a special focus on JSON, one of the most widely-used data formats in software engineering. Miki draws from …
Introduction: Welcome to the final episode of our Intro to Generative AI series! In this episode, Daniel Whitenack takes the concepts you’ve been learning and shows you how to apply advanced techniques like message chaining and factuality …
Introduction: In Episode 6 of the Intro to Generative A.I. series, Daniel shifts the focus from basic search techniques to more dynamic, on-the-fly AI applications. He demonstrates how to enhance AI-driven interactions by integrating real-time data …
Introduction: Welcome to Episode 5 of our Intro to Generative AI series! In this episode, Daniel explores practical techniques for enhancing AI models’ ability to handle large volumes of text data effectively. He addresses the challenges …
Introduction: Welcome to Episode 4 of our Intro to Generative AI series! In this episode, Daniel dives into the essential technique of prompt engineering, focusing on creating dynamic and interactive prompts to enhance the capabilities of AI models. …
Introduction: Welcome to Episode 12 of our Ultimate Software Design series! In this final installment, Bill guides us through the advanced implementation of transaction management in Go, ensuring robust and consistent data operations within …
Introduction: Welcome to Episode 11 of our Ultimate Software Design series! In this episode, Bill delves into the intricacies of implementing robust application layer tests within Go projects, providing developers with essential strategies for …
Introduction: Welcome to Episode 3 of our Intro to Generative AI series! In this episode, Daniel explores the critical aspect of prompt formatting when working with AI models, emphasizing how proper formatting can significantly enhance the quality of …
Introduction: Welcome to Episode 10 of our Ultimate Software Design series! In this episode, Bill dives into the integration of authentication and authorization mechanisms within Go packages, providing developers with essential strategies for …
Introduction: Welcome to Episode 9 of our Ultimate Software Design series! In this episode, Bill delves into the intricacies of implementing robust authorization and API structure within Go packages, offering invaluable insights for developers aiming …
Introduction: Welcome to Episode 2 of our Intro to Generative AI series! In this segment, Daniel dives into the practical aspects of working with large language models (LLMs) using the Go programming language and the Prediction Guard API.
Accessing …
Introduction: In this segment, Bill delves into the fundamental aspects of authentication and authorization, equipping Go developers with essential knowledge and advanced tools to enhance the security of their applications. Through practical examples …
Introduction: Welcome to the first episode of our “Intro to Generative A.I” series! In this episode, Daniel dives into the intriguing world of large language models (LLMs), providing a comprehensive understanding of how these powerful …
Introduction: Going into more detail on error handling, Bill provides a comprehensive overview of effective strategies and best practices for Go developers. By exploring the nuances of error management, he equips developers with the tools needed to …
Introduction: Continue the dive into the complexities of Go’s concurrency model in this segment of the “Ultimate Software Design” series, where Bill shares essential techniques for managing GoRoutines. Here are three fresh …
Introduction: In this installment, Bill delves into the concept of load shedding in Go, explaining its importance in managing GoRoutines and ensuring clean shutdowns.
How to manage GoRoutines using a parent-child relationship model to prevent orphan …
Introduction: In this detailed discussion, Bill delves into the critical aspects of networking within Kubernetes clusters, emphasizing the necessity of properly defining services to manage internal and external communication effectively.
Learn the …
Introduction: In this installment of the Ultimate Software Design series, Bill guides us through setting up a Kubernetes environment using Kubernetes inside Docker (kind). He breaks down the structure of Kubernetes and offers insights into effective …
Introduction: In this insightful episode, Bill dives deep into the realm of package design, shedding light on its crucial role in software development. Here are three key takeaways for Go developers:
Code Modularity: Learn how Go’s packaging …
Introduction: Embark on a journey into the heart of software design with the Ultimate Software Design series, where Bill navigates through the intricacies of crafting robust and maintainable code in Go.
Understand the importance of prioritizing …
Introduction: Rust’s memory safety features are advantageous to Rust developers because they:
Ensure robust protection against buffer overflows and underflows, enhancing the reliability and security of software.
Empower developers to manage …
Apr 3, 2024
In our series of articles on recruitment, we have talked about engineers in Latin America such as Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, we also talked about the skills of engineers who come from the USA and Canada. Now it’s Europe’s turn.
The …
Mar 7, 2024
For numerous organizations, acquiring engineering talent can present significant challenges, particularly when relying on conventional sourcing methods. Scouring job websites or relying on recruiters who may not fully understand your technology stack …
Introduction After writing the Kubernetes (K8s) CPU Limits post, I was wondering what happens when a K8s memory limit is set for the same service. I’ve been hearing at workshops and at Ardan how people are experiencing Out Of Memory (OOM) problems …
Feb 20, 2024
You need engineering resources and you’re back to the same old ways you’ve always used to find someone. Maybe you’re using a job website or working with the same old recruiter who has never understood your tech stack or real needs. In any case, …
Feb 2, 2024
About GopherCon Europe As Go’s popularity soared, GopherCon went global and GopherCon Europe (GCEU) kicked off its inaugural conference in 2018 in Reykjavik, Iceland. After that, GCEU had plans to rotate the conference every year in different …
Jan 24, 2024
The Role of Qualified Engineers in Shaping Future of Modern Enterprises The engineers - the superheroes with a knack for problem-solving, creative thinking, and adaptability fuel businesses to stay ahead in the fast-paced tech landscape.
Investing in …
Jan 18, 2024
In the fast-paced world of corporate dynamism, every company seeks the perfect moves to amp up efficiency, slash costs, and emerge as the undisputed champion. Enter the secret weapon: Staff Augmentation.
What’s the Buzz About Staff …
I have always appreciated the Go Team investing time on providing the community with the Go Tour. This website is designed to help developers get started in learning the Go programming language. The nice part of the website is that it provides an …
Jan 10, 2024
Nearshoring success? How do we make it happen? For many companies, choosing between nearshoring and offshoring becomes tricky. Nevertheless, there are numerous success stories associated with nearshoring.
This case study explores the successes of a …
Oct 26, 2023
Go-Powered Transformation: Ardan Labs Fintech Consulting Success Story In today’s fast-paced and highly competitive financial services industry, streamlined software development can be a game-changer for companies aiming to stay ahead of the …
Introduction Prior to coding in Go, I was writing software in C#. In C# enumerations can be declared and the associated type can be used in functions and as fields in a struct. The compiler won’t allow a value of the enumerated type to be passed or …
Series Here are all the posts in this series about the slices package.
Binary Search Clip, Clone, and Compact Compare Contains, Delete, and Equal Introduction In the last post of this series, I discussed the Compare API from the slices package. In …
Series Here are all the posts in this series about the slices package.
Binary Search Clip, Clone, and Compact Compare Contains, Delete, and Equal Introduction In the last post of this series I discussed the Clip, Clone, and Compact APIs from the …
Series Here are all the posts in this series about the slices package.
Binary Search Clip, Clone, and Compact Compare Contains, Delete, and Equal Introduction In the first post of this series, I discussed the binary search API from the slices package …
Series Here are all the posts in this series about the slices package.
Binary Search Clip, Clone, and Compact Compare Contains, Delete, and Equal Introduction Go’s most important data structure is the slice and it was designed from the beginning to …
Introduction In episode 9, Miki discussed how a command flag can be decoded into a user defined type with the Value interface. As a recap, the Value interface consists of two methods: one for serializing the underlying concrete type and one for …
Introduction In episode 8, Miki developed a Go HTTP client that had a method to check the health of a theoretical API. The method would construct the request URL and return an error based on the response code received from the server. Miki then …
Introduction In episode 7, Miki discussed design considerations to keep in mind while creating interfaces in Go with the first idea he proposed being that an interface should represent what we need from a type, and not what is stored on the type. To …
Introduction In episode 6, Miki built a logger package with the aim of making it as versatile as possible. To achieve this, he constructed his logger object with a function that would: accept the io.Writer interface as a parameter and perform type …
Introduction In episode 5, Miki wrote a function that counted the number of lines in a file with interfaces. The first thing his function did was to open a file with Go’s os.Open function. Miki chose this method because the variable returned by said …
Introduction In episode 4, Miki defined an enumerated type that satisfied Go’s fmt.Stringer interface. By implementing the fmt.Stringer interface, Miki can specify how his enumerators were printed within a formatted string and in this case, he …
Introduction In episode 3, Miki implemented a type that satisfied Go’s error interface. The odd thing about his type was it would be considered not-nil although no value was set for it. To get a better understanding of the situation, Miki gives a …
Introduction In episode 2, Miki examined the impact interfaces have on the performance of a Go program. To perform this experiment, Miki invoked a type’s method in two ways: with the concrete type and as an interface function to measure the …
Introduction In episode 1, Miki had two functions that performed the similar operation, but returned different types. To refactor this, Miki rewrote both functions as a generic function that allowed him to specify the type to be returned during …
Introduction Go interfaces are beneficial to Go developers because they:
Allow interfaces to separate mechanism from behavior. Increase flexibility of function parameters. Enable mocking of function parameters. With the addition of generics in Go …
Jan 27, 2023
Introduction In episode 19, Bill designed and implemented the data structure for an account on his blockchain. This type will have a nonce field to ensure incoming transactions are valid and performed in order. Since the database will be stored in …
Jan 24, 2023
Introduction In episode 17, Bill began to design an in-memory accounting database that will store the account balances on his blockchain. To build this database, Bill will add a memory pool on each node that stores a list of public addresses with …
Jan 24, 2023
Introduction In episode 18, Bill defined the Go type that will represent a transaction and implemented the methods to validate one. While developing the transaction type, Bill states that he’ll be borrowing concepts from Ethereum to ensure that he’s …
Introduction Table tests are a great way to test different inputs and associated outputs for a function in Go. To write a table test, you define a slice of some data struct with fields of the input data you’ll need and the expected outcome. Then you …
Jan 19, 2023
Introduction In episode 16, Bill implemented additional means of verification for his blockchain’s transactions. The first update he made was to verify if a transaction is destined for his blockchain by reading the first byte of the signature. The …
Jan 17, 2023
Introduction In episode 15, Bill architected a solution to ensure all the users on his blockchain were given a unique identifier. His approach consisted of essentially leveraging the randomness of a user’s private key to ensure each identifier …
Introduction When an API requires implementation details from the user, many developers use an interface for help. However, another way to allow developers to provide implementation details for an API is to accept a function instead. Go supports …
Introduction In episode 14, Bill architected a solution to digitally sign the transactions on his blockchain. His solution retrieved the private key by : loading private key data from disk, parsing the key data and returning the ECDSA private key. …
Introduction Google developed Go to be an alternative to C++ with the internet and scale in mind. Go’s toolchain automates tasks that are easily overlooked, and amongst those tasks is generating documentation. Go has the ability to generate …
Introduction In episode 12, Bill laid out his strategy to handle data hashing on his blockchain. The first step he took was to create a package to handle the cryptographical aspects of his blockchain. After that, he wrote a hash function that met the …
Introduction In episode 13, Bill discussed the idea of adding salt to a hash and how modern crypto-currency blockchains use it to better interpret requests sent to nodes. He continued by defining a function called stamp that embeds a salt within a …
Introduction In episode 11, Bill highlighted the issue of identity verification and provided a solution to this problem. The solution proposed was to cryptographically sign a transaction to verify its authenticity. Bill chose to implement a solution …
Introduction In episode 9, Bill introduced the idea of the genesis record and its role in his blockchain. As a recap, the genesis record will be used to customize the settings of his blockchain. The approach Bill takes here is similar to how Ethereum …
Introduction In episode 10, Bill dove into the technical implementation of his genesis record and defined a custom Go type representing the record. While doing so, he provided an in-depth look at the reasoning behind the fields he included.. After …
Dec 21, 2022
Introduction I made it my mission in 2022 to learn everything I could about blockchain and as the year ends, I feel like I accomplished my goal. Love it, hate it, or don’t want to know nothing about it, I think it’s important to push your opinions …
Introduction In episode 8, Bill wanted to build a blockchain in Go and began to lay the groundwork for the project. Go is a good choice because its standard library has the necessary network and cryptographical functionality required to build a …
Introduction In episode 6, Bill gives an overview of what consensus algorithms are and how these algorithms ensure distributed databases are in sync. Moving forward Bill will adopt the proof of authority (PoA) algorithm as a means to determine which …
Introduction In the first part of the series, Bill designed a dependency management system. The dependency manager needed to be distributed, transparent, cryptographically auditable and scalable. To meet these requirements, Bill borrowed concepts …
Introduction In this video, Paulo shows the benefit of leveraging generic functions to write less code that does more. He starts by walking you through an API server he initially wrote that makes use of Go’s default HTTP handlers with a sprinkle of …
Introduction In case you missed episode 4, Bill attempted to integrate current database sharing solutions to solve the “database ownership” problem his dependency manager faces. He tried providing copies of the database, implementing a load balancer …
Introduction In the last video, Bill left off talking about proof of work (PoW) algorithms. In a distributed and decentralized environment, PoW used to be the gold standard for a node to participate equitably in a Blockchain. However, with PoW as the …
Introduction Most apps that work with time values eventually need to display time to a user. Go has a unique way of allowing you to specify how to display time values that is different from the C library function strftime. The strftime function tends …
Introduction In episode 2, Bill designed a database for his dependency manager to enable Go developers to have reproducible,durable and secure builds. This database will house the hash value for each of the dependencies stored. During runtime, these …
Introduction In episode 3, Bill needed to figure out how to share ownership of his dependency manager’s database in a secure and efficient manner. Bill is the only stakeholder with full access to his dependency manager’s database. That is, he is the …
Introduction In episode 1, Bill finished by describing the dependency management conundrum Go faced in its early days. Prior to the Go team providing the module system, developers were on their own to find a solution. Engineers in the Go community …
Introduction In this video, Bill will introduce the concepts of what a blockchain is, the benefits of a blockchain, and the network environment it operates in. Bill describes a blockchain as a single, append-only, transparent, publicly available and …
Jun 6, 2022
Introduction A blockchain is an integrated solution of different computer science problems in the form of a single, append-only, publicly available, transparent, and cryptographically auditable database that runs in a distributed and decentralized …
May 5, 2022
Introduction In the first three posts, I explained there were four aspects of a blockchain that this series would explore with a backing implementation provided by the Ardan blockchain project.
Digital accounts with electronic signatures and …
Apr 19, 2022
Introduction In the first two posts, I explained there were four aspects of a blockchain that this series would explore with a backing implementation provided by the Ardan blockchain project.
Digital accounts with electronic signatures and …
Mar 8, 2022
Introduction In the first post, I explained there were four aspects of a blockchain that this series would explore with a backing implementation provided by the Ardan blockchain project.
Digital accounts with electronic signatures and verification …
Feb 12, 2022
Introduction This is the first post in a series that will explore the semantics and implementation details of the Ardan blockchain project. The code is a reference implementation of a blockchain and not intended to mirror any specific blockchain in …
Series Index Generics Part 01: Basic Syntax
Generics Part 02: Underlying Types
Generics Part 03: Struct Types and Data Semantics
Introduction In the previous post, I showed you how to declare a user-defined type, based on an underlying type. I did …
Series Index Python and Go: Part I - gRPC
Python and Go: Part II - Extending Python With Go
Python and Go: Part III - Packaging Python Code
Python and Go: Part IV - Using Python in Memory
Introduction In a previous post we used gRPC to call Python …
Ardan Labs partnership with Caddy Server has led to the acquisition of the popular free open-source web server platform by Apilayer. http://www.prweb.com/releases/caddy_server_acquired_by_apilayer/prweb17367009.htm
Ardan Labs announces they have …
Changes The draft is a living document which means these posts will need to change over time. This section documents when changes have taken place to this post.
21/08/20 : Moving forward with the generics design draft
Series Index Generics Part 01: …
Series Index Python and Go: Part I - gRPC
Python and Go: Part II - Extending Python With Go
Python and Go: Part III - Packaging Python Code
Python and Go: Part IV - Using Python in Memory
Introduction In the previous post we compiled Go code to a …
Changes The draft is a living document which means these posts will need to change over time. This section documents when changes have taken place to this post.
21/08/20 : Moving forward with the generics design draft
Series Index Generics Part 01: …
Series Index Python and Go: Part I - gRPC
Python and Go: Part II - Extending Python With Go
Python and Go: Part III - Packaging Python Code
Python and Go: Part IV - Using Python in Memory
Introduction In the previous post we saw how a Go service can …
Introduction In this paper written by Manish Jain (the founder of Dgraph) he describes Dgraph as:
a distributed graph database which provides horizontal scalability, distributed cluster-wide ACID transactions, low-latency arbitrary-depth joins, …
Series Index Python and Go: Part I - gRPC
Python and Go: Part II - Extending Python With Go
Python and Go: Part III - Packaging Python Code
Python and Go: Part IV - Using Python in Memory
Introduction Like tools, programming languages tend to solve …
Introduction In most of the reviews for this post, I was asked why choose a graph database over something else? This is a hard question to answer since my experience right now is limited on the graph database side. My guess is you’re wondering the …
Introduction I have spent a career building business applications that work with databases, starting with SQL and then moving to No-SQL. I’ve been curious how Graph databases work and how to build applications with them. It seems the sweet spot for a …
Series Index Why and What
Projects, Dependencies and Gopls
Minimal Version Selection
Mirrors, Checksums and Athens
Gopls Improvements
Vendoring
Introduction It’s no secret that I am a fan of vendoring when it’s reasonable and practical to use it for …
Series Index Why and What
Projects, Dependencies and Gopls
Minimal Version Selection
Mirrors, Checksums and Athens
Gopls Improvements
Vendoring
Prelude This is a guest post written by Rohan Challa, a member of the Go team working on gopls.
This …
Series Index Reducing Image Size
Details Specific To Different Languages
Going Farther To Reduce Image Size
Introduction In the first two parts of this series, we covered the most common methods to optimize Docker image size. We saw how multi-stage …
Series Index Reducing Image Size
Details Specific To Different Languages
Going Farther To Reduce Image Size
Introduction In the first part, we introduced multi-stage builds, static and dynamic linking, and briefly mentioned Alpine. In this second …
Series Index Why and What
Projects, Dependencies and Gopls
Minimal Version Selection
Mirrors, Checksums and Athens
Gopls Improvements
Vendoring
Introduction One of the longer standing questions I had when first learning about modules was how the …
Series Index Reducing Image Size
Details Specific To Different Languages
Going Farther To Reduce Image Size
Introduction When getting started with containers, it’s pretty easy to be shocked by the size of the images that we build. We’re …
Series Index Why and What
Projects, Dependencies and Gopls
Minimal Version Selection
Mirrors, Checksums and Athens
Gopls Improvements
Vendoring
Introduction Every dependency management solution has to solve the problem of picking a version of a …
Series Index Why and What
Projects, Dependencies and Gopls
Minimal Version Selection
Mirrors, Checksums and Athens
Gopls Improvements
Vendoring
Introduction Modules is the system integrated into Go to provide support for dependency management. This …
“Flutter and Fuchsia. In 2019 you will see these two words everywhere, and now is your chance to get ahead of the curve.” - Todd Fabacher, writing for Forbes
Forbes saw it coming back in July of 2018. If you didn’t, then here’s your chance to find …
Series Index Why and What
Projects, Dependencies and Gopls
Minimal Version Selection
Mirrors, Checksums and Athens
Gopls Improvements
Vendoring
Introduction Modules provide an integrated solution for three key problems that have been a pain point for …
Integration tests give insights to the end-to-end operation of web services. In part 2 of this 2 part series over integration testing in Go we explore how to configure and manage external systems before and during testing as well as the actual act of writing integration tests.
1. What are four keys for great DevOps? Collaboration: DevOps requires collaboration, both within teams and between teams. Good communication between teams implies to break down silos, which can be harder than it sounds in organizations where a …
Ardan Labs (a leader in building Go enterprise software) is excited to announce that we have partnered with Light Code Labs and Matt Holt to bring Caddy into the Ardan Labs family of products and services. Caddy is a lightweight ingress service …
“Once a language gets complex enough, programming in it is more like carving out a subset from an infinite sea of features, most of which we’ll never learn. Once a language feels infinite, the costs of adding further features to it are no longer …
One of the traps of concurrency is “incomplete work” which occurs when a program terminates before outstanding Goroutines complete. Depending on the program, this may be a serious problem. This post demonstrates the trap and discusses possible solutions.
Integration tests give insights to the end-to-end operation of web services. In part 1 of this 2 part series over integration testing in Go we explore how to run integration tests in restrictive environments, such as Jenkins.
Goroutine Leaks are a common cause of memory leaks in Go programs. In my previous post, I presented an introduction to Goroutine leaks and provided one example of a common mistake that many Go developers make. Continuing that work, this post presents another scenario on how Goroutines could be leaked.
Goroutine leaks are a common source of memory leaks in concurrent programs. This post defines Goroutine leaks and provides one example of a leak that is easy to miss in production code.
Aug 14, 2018
In the months leading up to GopherCon, my wife Jamilet and I had come up with the idea of creating a “small” browser-based game for the convention using the racing theme. Neither of us had ever worked on a game before and we had no idea what was …
Introduction I teach a class called Ultimate Go. The class is three days long and teaches you the history, mechanics and semantics of the Go programming language. The idea is to teach you how to read code to the level that you can understand the …
Introduction One day I was talking to Damian Gryski in Slack about some performance improvements he made to his go-metro package. When I first looked at the changes I was completely confused how this could have any effect on the performance of the …
Introduction I’ve been seeing a lot of question about interfaces lately on Slack. Most of the time the answers are technical and focus on implementation details. Implementation is important to help with debugging, but implementation doesn’t help with …
Introduction I was guided for many years to write functions that are generalized and to create layers upon layers of abstraction so things don’t break as business requirements change. That the cost of breaking a function signature, for example, is …
Prelude It will be helpful to read this four-part series first on escape analysis and data semantics. Details on how to read an escape analysis report and pprof output have been outlined here. …
Introduction When I started to work with Go’s channels for the first time, I made the mistake of thinking about channels as a data structure. I saw channels as a queue that provided automatic synchronized access between goroutines. This structural …
Prelude If you want to put this post in some better context, I suggest reading the following series of posts, which lay out some other fundamental and relevant design principles:
Language Mechanics On Stacks And Pointers Language Mechanics On Escape …
Prelude These are good posts to read first to better understand the material presented in this post:
Index of the four part series:
Language Mechanics On Stacks And Pointers Language Mechanics On Escape Analysis Language Mechanics On Memory Profiling …
Prelude This is the final post in a four part series discussing the mechanics and design behind pointers, stacks, heaps, escape analysis and value/pointer semantics in Go. This post focuses on data and the design philosophies of applying …
Prelude This is the third post in a four part series that will provide an understanding of the mechanics and design behind pointers, stacks, heaps, escape analysis and value/pointer semantics in Go. This post focuses on heaps and escape analysis. …
Prelude This is the second post in a four part series that will provide an understanding of the mechanics and design behind pointers, stacks, heaps, escape analysis and value/pointer semantics in Go. This post focuses on heaps and escape analysis. …
Prelude This is the first post in a four part series that will provide an understanding of the mechanics and design behind pointers, stacks, heaps, escape analysis and value/pointer semantics in Go. This post focuses on stacks and pointers.
Index of …
Prelude This post is part of a series designed to make you think about your own design philosophy on different topics. If you haven’t read the following post yet, please do so first:
Develop Your Design Philosophy
Introduction Systems cannot be …
Updated on February 28th, 2017
Prelude This post is part of a series of posts designed to make you think about your own design philosophy on different topics. If you haven’t read these posts yet, please do so first:
Develop Your Design Philosophy …
Prelude This post is part of a series of posts designed to make you think about your own design philosophy on different topics. If you haven’t read this post yet, please do so first:
Develop Your Design Philosophy
After this post, read this next one: …
Updated on February 10th, 2017
Prelude This post is part of a series of posts designed to make you think about your own design philosophy on different topics. If you haven’t read this post yet, please do so first:
Develop Your Design Philosophy …
Prelude This post is part of a series of posts designed to make you think about your own design philosophy on different topics. I will not be laying out direct examples to prove my own thoughts and ideas. It takes me two or three days in the …
This is a talk that I gave at the Vancouver Meetup on November 29th, 2016. The talk covers topics around developing your own design philosophy with a focus on decoupling from change. These are things I cover extensively in the Ultimate Go Classes. …
“I think it’s ok to do heinous stuff to test an API if it makes it more usable by others.” - Nate Finch
Prelude If you are new to Go, it might help to read these posts first before continuing on with this post. …
Introduction Interfaces should only be used when their added value is clear. I see too many packages that declare interfaces unnecessarily, sometimes just for the sake of using interfaces. The use of interfaces when they are not necessary is called …
Introduction I see a lot of developers coming to Go from object oriented programming languages such as C# and Java. Because these developers have been trained to use type hierarchies, it makes sense for them to use this same pattern in Go. However, …
Introduction If you are new to Linux or the Mac you might find installing Go to be a bit confusing. It was for me when I started learning Go. Go was the reason I stopped using Windows, which I used for 20 years. Even if you’re experienced with …
I am constantly thinking about the Go language and how things work. Lately I have been thinking how everything in Go is by value. We see this when we pass values to functions, when we iterate over slices and when we perform type assertions. In every …
Composition goes beyond the mechanics of type embedding. It’s a paradigm we can leverage to design better APIs and to build larger programs from smaller parts. It all starts from the declaration and implementation of types that have a single …
Go is an object oriented programming language. It may not have inheritance, but in this 20 minute video from the Bangalore meetup, I will show you how object oriented programming practices and techniques can be applied to your Go programs. From an …
Introduction One of the things I love about Go is the profiling and debug information you can generate. There is a special environmental variable named GODEBUG that will emit debugging information about the runtime as your program executes. You can …
Introduction
Having some basic skills in debugging Go programs can save any programmer a good amount of time trying to identify problems. I believe in logging as much information as you can, but sometimes a panic occurs and what you logged is not …
Introduction
I am asked quite a bit about when and when not to use pointers in Go. The problem most people have, is that they try to make this decision based on what they think the performance tradeoff will be. Hence the problem, don’t make coding …
Introduction
In part I of this post, we learned about the error interface and how the standard library provides support for creating error interface values via the errors package. We also learned how to work with error interface values and use them …
Introduction
It is idiomatic in Go to use the error interface type as the return type for any error that is going to be returned from a function or method. This interface is used by all the functions and methods in the standard library that return …
Introduction
I was thinking about how the compiler looks to protect the code we write when it can. Invalid memory access checks are one type of safety check the compiler adds to our code. We might think that this "extra code" is hurting our …
If you have not heard about the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge I would be surprised. It’s everywhere nowadays, being done by celebrities alike. After being challenged by my children there was only one person, or should I say Gopher, I knew I needed …
Introduction
Dave Cheney published a post called Ice Cream Makers and Data Races. The post showed an example of an interesting data race that can occur when using an interface typed variable to make a method call. If you have not read the post yet …
Introduction
If you are building any kind of application for a consumer based product, it is common to have large amounts of application data being generated about your users. Running reports is a traditional use of this data, but what if you could …
Introduction
Closures in Go are a very powerful construct but they can also be the cause of bugs if you don’t understand how they work. In this post I am going to pull a small piece of code from Chapter 2 from the Go In Action book that discusses a …
Introduction
My business partner Ed asked me what would happen if a struct and an embedded field both implemented the same interface. We asked ourselves two questions:
Would the compiler throw an error because we now had two implementations of the …
Introduction
One of the more unique features of Go is how the language implements constants. The rules for constants in the language specification are unique to Go. They provide the flexibility Go needs at the compiler level to make the code we write …
Introduction
One of the first things I learned about in Go was using an uppercase or lowercase letter as the first letter when naming a type, variable or function. It was explained that when the first letter was capitalized, the identifier was public …
Introduction
As I improve my knowledge and framework for a Go based web service I am building, I continue to go back and enhance my Beego Sample App. Something I just added recently was providing localized messages for validation errors. I was …
If you are attending GopherCon 2014 or plan to watch the videos once they are released, this article will prepare you for the talk by Gustavo Niemeyer and Steve Francia. It provides a beginners view for using the Go mgo driver against a MongoDB …
Introduction
In my last post called Concurrency, Goroutines and GOMAXPROCS, I set the stage for talking about channels. We discussed what concurrency was and how goroutines played a role. With that foundation in hand, we can now understand the …
Introduction
When new people join the Go-Miami group they always write that they want to learn more about Go’s concurrency model. Concurrency seems to be the big buzz word around the language. It was for me when I first started hearing about …
Introduction
We are working on a project where we have to make calls into a web service. Many of the web calls return very large documents that contain many sub-documents. The worst part is, we usually only need a handful of the fields for any given …
Gopher Academy announced a great program today.
Today I’d like to announce the GopherCon Scholarship Program. It’s goal is to increase the visibility of women in the Go community through the most direct path I can imagine: sponsoring …
Introduction
In October 2013 I sent out a call to action to the Go community. I wanted to form a group of Gophers that would come together and help write a specification and build a working implementation of a package management tool. We are not …
Introduction
There are lots of posts that talk about the internals of slices, but when it comes to maps, we are left in the dark. I was wondering why and then I found the code for maps and it all made sense.
https://golang.org/src/runtime/hashmap.go …
Introduction
The first thing I did when I started programming in Go was begin porting my Windows utilities classes and service frameworks over to Linux. This is what I did when I moved from C++ to C#. Thank goodness, I soon learned about Iron.IO and …
With the release of Go 1.2, slices gained the ability to specify the capacity when performing a slicing operation. This doesn’t mean we can use this index to extend the capacity of the underlying array. It means we can create a new slice whose …
Introduction
I am very excited about the Beego web framework. I wanted to share with you how I use the framework to build real world web sites and web services. Here is a picture of the sample website the post is going to showcase:
The sample web …
At Ardan Studios we have spent the last 6 months, in our spare time and on weekends, building a consumer based mobile application called OutCast. The mobile application is tailored towards those who like spending time outdoors, whether that be …
This is a guest post from Tad Vizbaras from Etasoft in South Florida. There are a number of editors and IDEs for Go development. LiteIde, Vim, Emacs and GEdit just to name a few. Each developer has their own favorite editor for each language they …
Have you ever found yourself in this situation. You have a case statement inside of a for loop and you would like to break from both the case and for statements in a single call?
var err error
timeout := time.After(30 * time.Second)
sigChan := …
Linux is unique to Windows in many ways, and writing programs in Linux is no exception. The use of standard out, standard err and null devices is not only a good idea but it’s the law. If your programs are going to be logging information, it is …
I am working on a project that requires pulling and processing different XML feeds from the web and storing the data into MongoDB as JSON. Since new feeds come up everyday, changing the Go program to process and publish new feeds is out of the …
Introduction If you are using 3rd party packages, (packages that you don't own or control), you will want a way to create a reproducible build every time you build your projects. If you use 3rd party packages directly and the package authors change …
I was testing new functionality on a program that is already running in production when suddenly the code behaved very badly. What I saw shocked me and then it became obvious why it happened. I also have a race condition just waiting to be a problem. …
In Go values that are returned from functions are passed by value. Go gives you some nice flexibility when it comes to returning values from a function.
Here is a simple example of returning two values from a function:
package main
import (
…
Introduction
In my post about building and running programs in Iron.Io, I needed to switched over to my Ubuntu VM to build linux versions of my test programs locally. I love the ability to have Ubuntu available to me for building and testing my code. …
Nathan Youngman, with the help of others, has produced this document outlining months of research and discovery. I would appreciate everyone to honestly read it before continuing with my post. http://nathany.com/go-packages/ Mitchell …
I always find it interesting when I realize that something I have been practicing or dealing with for a long time has a name. This time it happens to be race conditions. This is something you can’t avoid thinking about as soon as you have more …
This article was written for and published by Gopher Academy
I was looking at a code sample that showed a recursive function in Go and the writer was very quick to state how Go does not optimize for recursion, even if tail calls are explicit. I had …
Slices are used everywhere in my code. If I am working with data from MongoDB, it is stored in a slice. If I need to keep track of a collection of problems after running an operation, it is stored in a slice. If you don’t understand how slices …
After working in Go for some time now, I learned how to use an unbuffered channel to build a pool of goroutines. I like this implementation better than what is implemented in this post. That being said, this post still has value in what it describes. …
I am working on building code to load polygons for the different Marine Forecast areas in the United States. These polygons need to be stored in MongoDB and there is a special way that needs to be done. It would not have been a big deal if it …
Introduction
Iron.io has a product called IronWorker which provides a task oriented Linux container that you can run your programs inside. If you are not sure what I mean, think of this as having a temporary Linux virtual machine instantly available …
In my Outcast data server I have several data retrieval jobs that run using different go routines. Each routine wakes up on a set interval. The most complex job is the downloading of radar images. What makes this complex is that there are 155 radar …
Earlier in the month I wrote a post about using C Dynamic Libraries in Go Programs. The article built a dynamic library in C and created a Go program that used it. The program worked but only if the dynamic library was in the same folder as the …
For those of you who are like me, trying to learn the Mac and Linux operating systems, Golang programming and deployment constructs all at the same time, I feel your pain. I have been building a Go application for a couple of months on my Mac and it …
If you are coming to Go after using a programming language like C# or Java, the first thing you will discover is that there are no traditional collection types like List and Dictionary. That really threw me off for months. I found a package called …
My son and I were having fun last weekend building a console based game in Go. I was recreating a game from my youth, back when I was programming on a Kaypro II.
I loved this computer. I would write games in BASIC on it all day and night. Did I …
Since I started programming in Go the concept and use of slices has been confusing. This is something completely new to me. They look like an array, and feel like an array, but they are much more than an array. I am constantly reading how slices are …
I ran into a problem today. I was building code to consume NOAA’s tide station XML document and quickly realized I was in trouble. Here is a small piece of that XML document:
<timezone>LST/LDT</timezone>
<item> …
Back in June, Gustavo Niemeyer posted the following question on his Labix.org blog:
Assume uf is an unsigned integer with 64 bits that holds the IEEE-754 representation for a binary floating point number of that size.
How can you tell if uf …
This article was written for and published by Safari Books Online Back in May, I finally decided that it was time to move away from the Microsoft stack to Linux. The cost of developing, licensing, and purchasing cloud computing on the Microsoft stack …
This article was written for and published by Safari Books Online
If you read my article titled Analyze Data With MongoDB and Go, then you will understand the context of this debate with the idea of open source. That article talks about an …
In the documentation provided by the Go language team you will find great information on pointers and memory allocation. Here is a link to that documentation:
http://golang.org/doc/faq#Pointers
We need to start with the understanding that all …
This article was written for and published by Safari Books Online
My company is building a mobile application called Outcast. The idea behind Outcast is to give people who love the outdoors the ability to get ahead of the weather. By analyzing real …
On June 22nd through the 26th, Portland Oregon is hosting OSCON (Open Source Convention). The event is run by O’Reilly. After looking at the speakers list it appears it is going to be a great convention.
There are three Gophers who will be …
When I was coding in C/C++ it was imperative to understand type. If you didn’t, you would get into a lot of trouble with both the compiler and running your code. Regardless of the language, type touches every aspect of programming syntax. A …
Someone asked a question on the forum today on how to gain the benefits of inheritance without embedding. It is really important for everyone to think in terms of Go and not the languages they are leaving behind. I can’t tell you much code I …
Multi-threaded applications are very complicated, especially when your code is not organized and consistent with how resources are accessed, managed and maintained. If you want to minimize bugs you need philosophies and rules to live by. Here are …
Since I started writing code in Go it has been a mystery to me how best to organize my code and use the package keyword. The package keyword is similar to using a namespace in C#, however the convention is to tie the package name to the directory …
I have been writing Windows services in C/C++ and then in C# since 1999. Now that I am writing server based software in Go for the Linux OS I am completely lost. What is even more frustrating, is that for the first time the OS I am developing on (Mac …
I was really surprised how easy it was to read an XML document using the encoding/xml package that comes with the standard library. The package works by defining structs that map the XML document. If you need more flexibility then use Gustavo …
I wanted to send an email from my TraceLog package when a critical exception occurred. Fortunately Go’s standard library has a package called smpt which can be found inside the net package. When you look at the documentation you are left …
I have been struggling with using the Time package that comes in the Go standard library. My struggles have come from two pieces of functionality. First, trying to capture the number of milliseconds between two different time periods. Second, …
I am building my TraceLog package and it is really important that the package logs any internal exceptions and prevents panics from shutting down the application. The TraceLog package must never be responsible for shutting down an application. I also …
As you know if you read my blog, I have been building a set of new utility packages so I can start developing an application server I need for a new project. I am brand new to Go and the Mac OS. Needless to say it has been one hell of an education …
Check out my new installtion document:
https://www.ardanlabs.com/blog/2016/05/installing-go-and-your-workspace.html
I removed the sections about gocode and GDB. These are not necessary any longer. I also added links for more editors.
Windows
This is …
After working in Go for some time now, I learned how to use an unbuffered channel to build a pool of goroutines. I like this implementation better than what is implemented in this post. That being said, this post still has value in what it describes. …
For the past 20 years I have been writing server based and application software on the Microsoft stack. First in C/C++ leveraging the Win32 API and then in C# when .Net first was released. Over the past few months I have realized that trying to build …